| ICE Case Studies
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I.
Case Background |
On 7 April, 1989, after thirty-nine days at sea, the Soviet nuclear sub Komsomolets sank in the Barents Sea off the coast of Norway. Forty-two officers in the Soviet navy perished, while most of the officers who did survive escaped with serious injuries. The Komsomolets was unique among submarines in the Soviet navy. It was a 6400 ton forerunner of a new class of nuclear submarines. The Komsomolets also had capabilities beyond those of American submarines. It was able to dive deeper than its predecessors and the advanced nuclear reactor propelled it to speeds faster than any other submarine. It was made of titanium, a stronger metal than conventional materials, but also more expensive. On 7 April, however, none of the supposedly superior aspects of the submarine prevented it from disaster. When fire broke out in the stern of the ship, it quickly spread to other compartments. After surfacing, the intense pressure from the fire was too much for the titanium hull as high pressured oxygen ruptured the hull. The ship sank to the bottom of the sea bed, 1700 meters below the surface. In the ensuing months, specialists initially concluded that the wreck posed little threat to the surrounding ecosystem. But as the years passed evidence of potential environmental damage mounted, pushing officials to announce structural deficiencies in the wreck, and the possibility of plutonium leakage into the sea by 1995. The potential damage to the local ecosystem is enormous and irrevocable. It is one of the richest fishing areas in the world; trade in fisheries, valued at billions of dollars annually, is in jeopardy.
The Komsomolets is not the only nuclear submarine to experience such a major accident. Four other Soviet nuclear subs and two American vessels are supposedly resting at the bottom of the sea. While the other accidents have been mostly forgotten by the press and public, the Komosomolets still demands public scrutiny because of its location and potential environmental damage. It is feared that leaks from the nuclear reactor and torpedoes could imperil rich arctic fisheries, causing massive losses in revenue for several nations.
It was only in the last couple of years that the potential damage from the ship was recognized. As late as April of 1993, Russian officials were still claiming (not without warrant) that leaks were "insignificant" and posed no threat to the surrounding environment. It was around this time, however, that environmental repercussions from the accident were first being realized. In an interview on Russian television, Tengiz Nikolayevich Borisov, Chairman of the Specialized Underwater Work of the Russian Federation Government and a primary scientist tasked with examining the accident, discussed the problems with the wreck. After several underwater submersible missions to the site, it became apparent that sea water was eroding the casings of the warheads and the hull of the submarine. This erosion was perpetuated by rapidly shifting currents, which hastened the corrosive process. Borisov frankly admitted there was a real danger of leakage, originally not predicted (if at all) for many years. The reason, ironically, lies in the construction of the submarine itself. Steel components and alloys based on magnesium and aluminum corrode at enormous speeds in the presence of titanium; thus plutonium is predicted to enter the sea at some point in 1995.
Borisov predicted that in the summer of 1994, scientists might be able to "buy some time," because a massive operation to either raise the submarine or somehow remove the weapons would take years to plan. Previous expeditions which examined the possible extrication of the sub, concluded this would likely not be possible because of structural decay and corrosion. If the ship breaks up in the process, it might exacerbate any environmental damage. Therefore a mission was planned to seal some of the cracks during the summer of 1994 and forestall the predicted seepage in 1995. This precluded some damage and gave scientists more time to plan another scheme to eradicate the problem.
When the expedition reached the wreck during the summer of 1994, scientists were surprised to discover some plutonium leakage. One of the sub's two torpedoes equipped with nuclear warheads appeared to have broke, releasing twenty-two pounds of plutonium into direct contact with the ocean. The expedition was successful in closing some of the holes in the hull of the sub. However, although radioactive levels were low last summer, expedition scientists warn that the rest of the sub must be sealed soon, or else plutonium may show up in the food chain.
Norwegian authorities, who have vested trade interests in the region, and scientists concur with this point. It was previously argued that the severe depth of the submarine would preclude detrimental effects to organisms. But scientists have since articulated a plausible scenario illustrating the damaging effects. They are most concerned with the alternating cold and warm ocean currents that can transport contaminated plankton from the depths around the wreck toward the surface where the organisms can be eaten by fish. They are also worried about sea water flowing between the inner titanium and outer steel shells of the material. Additionally, the torpedo casings are especially vulnerable and dangerous. The plutonium released can likely attach to titanium flakes and spread throughout the sea.
Scientists are currently considering three options to eradicate the problem. The first and most expensive proposition is to raise the sub. A Dutch firm estimates that this could cost somewhere in the range of $1 billion dollars. But more importantly, most analysts believe this option to be the most hazardous. The submarine has corroded to a point where it is unlikely to stay intact during such an operation. This would worsen environmental problems if it were to break up on its ascent. The second option is to raise only the bow of the craft (section with the torpedoes). But this option has been set aside, since the leakage has rendered the weapons unstable. Because of corrosion, movement of the weapons could cause them to explode. The third and most likely option is to encase the submarine by hermetically sealing it with a jelly substance from crustacean shells containing one to two percent chitosan. It is postulated that this chitinous gel can bind radionuclides better than concrete, as originally postulated A few years after this operation, the warheads could be safely removed. Scientists stress that the warheads must be removed; half-life for plutonium-239 is 24,000 years. The interim sealing process will give scientists time to devise such a plan. The sealing operation will commence in the summer of 1995.
The effects of the Komsomolets accident go beyond ecological consequences. There are trade repercussions also. Several European nations fish in the region very close to the exact location where the wreck is submerged. Ecological consequences threaten billions of dollars in revenue from sales of fish to Russia and Europe. There has already been a decrease of fishing in the area, due to minor contamination levels and the perceived threat of future, more extensive, contamination. Once the encasing operation is completed, fishing operations should return to the area in a relatively short period of time. Russia has since been heavily criticized, not so much for the accident itself (accidents of this sort do happen), but because it could have been prevented and more should have been done to rectify the situation. Nevertheless, efforts to quash the potential ecological side- effects are proceeding. It remains to be seen, however, whether or not such efforts will be successful. The aforementioned operation to seal the warheads is scheduled for this summer.
Continent: Arctic Sea
Region: Eastern Arctic Sea
Country: Norway
The discharge of plutonium-239 from the torpedoes warheads, assuming it occurs, will take place in bursts and will continue for several years. Its consequences will be catastrophic. This section of the world ocean is one of the most biologically productive. Eighty percent of the fish caught in the Barents and Norwegian Seas are caught precisely in the region where the Komsomolets went down. Since plutonium has a half-life of 24,000 years, this part of the sea may by unsuitable for fishing for 600- 700 years.
Most sources claim that the financial damage to Norway alone will be a loss of revenue in the range of hundreds of millions of dollars annually, hopefully paid by Russia. Over a five year period, the damage to the fishing economy of the region is estimated to be around 3.5 trillion rubles (roughly $3 billion in 1993 prices). This would be added to the $500 million annually that will have be disbursed to Norway to recoup sustained lost revenue.
Boston Globe Editorial, "Nuclear Sub Corroding in Barents," 24 January 1993, p.16.
Broad, William, J. "Russians Seal Nuclear Sub on Sea Floor," New York Times, 8 September 1994, A7.
Elliott, Lawrence, "Mayday on a Nuclear Sub," Reader's Digest, November 1993, Vol. 143, No. 859, pp. 95-101.
Kurchtov, Col. A., "They Want to Behead the Komsomolets: Our Descendants are Unlikely to Forgive us For the Execution," Moscow Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 October 1994, p.3, translated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, London.
Lean, Geoffrey, "Russian Dumps 20 N-Reactors at Sea; Yeltsin Learns Full Scale of Horror," London Observer, 11 April 1993, p. 1.
Mozgovoy, Alexsander, in the Moscow Rossiyskaya Gazeta, First Edition, p. 2, 26 January, 1993, translated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, London.
Nenashev, Sergei, "Raising the Komsomolets," Soviet Life, November 1991, n. 11, p. 58.
Westerwoudt, Theo, "Sealing a Radioactive Grave," World Press Review, December 1994, Vol. 41, No. 12, p.44.
"Heavy Costs for Russia is Sunken Komsomolets Leaks," Moscow 2x2 Television, 16 June 1994.
"Sunken sub corroding, could release "plutonium soup," Moscow Ostankino Television First Channel, 20 November 1993.
"Program to waterproof Komsomolets to continue in 1995," Moscow Interfax, 23 July 1994, translated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, London.
"Expedition to Study Submarine's Warheads, Moscow Ostankino Television First Channel, and Orbita Networks, 3 August 1993.
Federal Broadcast Information Service, London, Moscow Interfax "Exclusive" Report, 4 November, 1993.