Preface

• TED Home Page

Chapter I

• Taman Negara Rainforest and Tourism
• Hudson Bay Company and Species Loss

Chapter II

• Mammoth, Ivory and Trade
• Ancient Amber Trade
• Cedars of Lebanon and Defoestation
• Bronze Trade in Rome
• Fur Trade and Hudson Bay Company
• Irish Potato Famine
• Greece, the United Kingdom, and the Elgin Marbles
• Arabs, Islam and Spice Trade

Chapter III

Species

• EU Fur Import Ban
• Bear Parts Trade
• Elephant, Ivory, and Trade
• Shrimp and Sea Turtles
• Hawksbill Turtle and Trade
• Sharks, Culture, and Trade

Habitats

• Bats and Trade
• James Bay Electricity, the Cree, and Trade
• Swifts, Bird’s Nest Soup and Trade
• Philippine’s, Sugar, Trade, and Habitats
• Pisco, Property and Trade
• Coral Reefs and Aquarium Trade
• Great Barrier Reef and Tourism
• Cancun, Cruise Ships and Coral Reefs
• Costa Rica, Deforestation and Beef Exports
• Buffalo, Native Americans and Conflict
• Rhinoceros, Tusk and Trade
• Ivory Trade
• Campfire Program
• Elephant Exports from Botswana
• Bali and Tourism
• Brazil and Beef Exports

Chapter IV

• Bhopal Disaster
• Basmati Rice Ownership
• Bovine Hormore Supplements and Trade
• Milk and Hormone Trade Issues
• Canola, Genetic Modification and Trade
• Dolly the Sheep and Trade Implications
• WTO Case on US Shrimp Imports from Asia
• Kyoto Agreement on Climate Change and Trade
• Chinese Beetle Infestations and Packing Materials
• Botswana and Elephant Ivory Exports
• Campfire Case and Zimbabwe Ivory Exports Asia
• Cambodia Waste Imports from Taiwan
• Hallal Meat Imports Rules in Malaysia
• Who Owns Feta Cheese?
• Who Owns Scotch?
• Who Owns Budweiser?
• India’s Beef Exports

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures………………………………………..ix

List of Tables…………………………………………xi

Preface……………………………………………..xiii

Acknowledgments………………………………………..xv

I. The Conjunction: A Theory Across

Ideas, Places and Times…………………………..1

A. One Place, Many Places……………………………2

1. One Places…………………………………..2

2. Many Places………………………………….6

3. Today’s Tower of Babel………………………..8

B. Defining Terms…………………………………..4

1. What is Culture?…………………………….12

2. What is Environment?…………………………15

3. What is Trade?………………………………17

C. Cultural Perspectives on the Environment

And the Role of Trade………………………..18

D. Conjunctions Through Time………………………..23

1. Anthropological History………………………26

2. Economic History…………………………….29

3. Social History………………………………31

E. Conjunction History……………………………..40

II. The Convergence of Trade, Environment and

Culture in a Conjunction……………………….37

A. The Tool Conjunction…………………………….39

1. The Social Context…………………………..40

2. The Overkill Hypothesis………………………45

3. Ivory, Tools, Trade and Culture……………….51

4. How Mammoth Hunters Became Buffalo Hunters……..52

5. Perspectives on the Tool Conjunction…………..55

B. The Agricultural Conjunction……………………..57

1. The Social Context…………………………..59

2. Amber Trade…………………………………63

3. The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh………………67

4. The Cedars of Lebanon………………………..70

5. Perspectives on the Agricultural Conjunction……73

C. The Industrial Conjunction…… …………………74

1. The Context………………………………..75

2. The Dentalium Currency System………………..79

3. The Irish Potato Famine……………………..81

4. The Elgin Marbles…………………………..85

5. Perspectives on the Industrial Conjunction…….86

III. Trade, Environment, and Culture in the

Electronic Conjunction………………………….89

A. The Social Context………………………………90

B. Species Cases…………………………………..98

1. Fur and Morals……………………………..98

2. Bear Wine………………………………….102

3. Ivory Wars…………………………………107

4. Turtles and Tradition……………………….114

5. Sharkfin Soup………………………………118

6. Bats: The Turkey of Guam…………………….121

C. Habitats……………………………………….123

7. Electricity and the Cree…………………….123

8. Bird’s Nest Soup……………………………127

9. Sugar Developed Addiction……………………130

10. Pisco……………………………………..134

11. Coral: Deforestation in the Ocean…………….137

12. Mom, Apple Pie and Hamburger…………………141

D. Perspectives on the Electronic Conjunction…………148

IV. Beyond the Electronic Conjunction……………………149

A. Perspectives on the Electronic Conjunction…………….149

1. Comparing the Tool and the

Electronic Conjunctions……………………150

2. Themes in the Electronic Conjunction…………..155

B. Approaches to Conjunctions…………………………..156

1. Making Cultural Law Is Like

Making Sausage……………………………157

2. Culture, Policy and Development……………….159

3. Can Cultural Excesses Be Defined?……………..163

4. Cultural Appropriateness……………………..166

C. Trade, Environment and Culture in the Next

Trade Round………………………………169

1. The Next WTO Round…………………………..169

2. Unresolved Environmental Issues……………….171

3. New Cultural Initiatives……………………..176

4. Spill-over Principles in Trade,

Environment and Culture……………………182

D. After the Next Round………………………………..187

1. Cultural Feedback as a Limit

to Globalization………………………….187

2. Future Cases of Trade, Environment and Culture….188

3. The Endless Debate…………………………..192

4. The Gene Conjunction and Beyond……………….195

Notes………………………………………………..203

Key to Terms………………………………………….231

Bibliography………………………………………….233

Bibliography of Relevant TED Case Studies………………..251

About the Author………………………………………253

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